pertama bukan yang terakhir

pertama bukan yang terakhir
my grad :)

Senin, 30 April 2012

exercise 36




1. The teacher made Juan leave the room
2. Toshiko had her car repaired by a mechanic
3. Ellen got Marvin typed her paper
4. I made Jane call her friend on the telephone
5. We got our house painted last week
6. Dr. Byrd is having the students
write a composition
7. The policeman made the suspect lie on the ground
8. Mark got his transcripts send to the university
9. Maria is getting her hair cut tomorrow
10. We will have to get the Dean signed this form
11. The teacher let Al leave the classroom.
12. Maria got Ed washed the pipettes
13. She always has her car
to fix by the same mechanic
14. Gene got his book published by a subsidy publisher
15. We have to help Janet
to find her keys

Minggu, 29 April 2012

Passive voice


Passive voice

ada dua bentuk “voice” dalam bahasa Inggris, active voice dan passive voice. Active voice menunjukkan apa yang dilakukan oleh subjek, contoh:
  • The secretary wrote a letter (Sekretaris menulis sebuah surat)
Passive voice menunjukkan apa yang dilakukan terhadap subjek. Contoh:
  • The letter was written by the secretary (Surat ditulis oleh sekreatir)
Bentuk
Kalimat pasif dibuat dengan kata kerja “to be” dan kata kerja bentuk ke-3. Berikut beberapa tenses bahasa Inggris utama yang digunakan dalam passive voice.
Tenses
Simple present:
Present continuous:
Simple past:
Past continuous:
Present perfect:
Past perfect:
Future:
Future continuous:
Present conditional:
Past conditional:
Subject
Flowers
Flowers
Flowers
Flowers
Flowers
Flowers
Flowers
Flowers
Flowers
Flowers
Verb “to be”
are
are being
were
were being
have been
had been
will be
will be being
would be
would have been
Verb III
planted every year
planted now.
planted last year
planted last summer.
planted here for 10 years.
planted until last year.
planted next year.
planted during the summer.
planted if we had seeds.
planted if we had had seeds.

By
Untuk menyatakan apa penyebab sebuah tindakan pasif, kita bisa menggunakan by. Contoh:
  • This photo was taken by my friend.
  • I was given this by my brother.
Seringkali tidak diperlukan untuk menyatakan penyebab tindakan pasif, khususnya jika dipahami dengan jelas atau tidak relevan. Sebagai contoh:
  • The meeting was cancelled (pertemuan itu dibatalkan). (Informasi penting yang ingin disampaikan adalah pembatalan pertemuan, bukan siapa yang membatalkannya.)
  • These boots were made in Italy (sepatu-sepatu boot ini dibuat di Italia). (Informasi yang penting dalam kalimat ini adalah bahwa sepatu-sepatu tersebut dibuat di Italia, bukan siapa yang membuatnya).
Born
Ketika berbicara tentang kelahiran orang tertentu atau suatu peristiwa, kita menggunakan bentuk pasif “to be born”. Contoh:
  • I was born in Iran.
  • The twins were born just last year.
Get
Get bisa digunakan menggantikan to be pada situasi dimana sesuatu terjadi. Contoh:
- Our flight got cancelled = Our flight was cancelled.
- I got paid today = I was paid today.
Get tidak bisa digunakan pada situasi-situasi umum dan apabila bersama dengan kata kerja yang menyatakan keadaan (bukan tindakan). Contoh:
- He is liked by a lot of people. - Benar
- He gets liked by a lot of people. - Tidak benar
- She is known to be a hard-working employee. - Benar
- She gets known to be a hard-working employee.- Tidak benar
Get digunakan lebih sering dalam bahasa Inggris informal.


Senin, 09 April 2012

couse connectors

Formula :
…because + Subject + Verb ….
ex : He was frustrated because the mucked was up windscreen.
…because of + noun (noun phrase) ….
ex: He was frustrated because of the mucked up windscreen (noun phrase).
He was frustrated because the mucked was up windscreen
note :
Because of sering ditukar dengan due to
Because juga bisa menjadi sebuah awal kalimat …
ex : because of the rain (noun phrase), we have cancelled the party .

· Subordinating conjunctions

Introduce adverb clauses

Either the dependent clause or the independent clause may come first in the sentence, with no change in meaning

ex: Before he came, we didn't have a physical education teacher.

We didn't have a physical education teacher before he came.

· Prepositions

Is followed by a noun or noun phrase

Either clause may appear first

ex: He didn't come to class due to his illness.

· Transitions and Conjunctive adverbs

Joins two sentences separated by a period or two clauses separated by a semi colon.

Only one possible order of the sentences

The transition may appear clause initial, clause final, or between the subject and verb of thesecond sentence.

ex: He was sick. Nevertheless, he came to class.

· Conjunctions

One possible order

A comma is used before the conjunction

In academic writing, do not begin a sentence with a conjunction

ex: He didn't do his homework, so he didn't pass the class.

Sequential (Time)

1. Subordinating conjunctions

until

after

before

when

while

since

once

whenever

as soon as

as long as

by the time.

2. Prepositions

during

after

before

since

until

upon

3. Conjunctive adverbs and transitions

then

next

after that

following that

before that

afterwards

meanwhile

beforehand

4. Conjunctions

and then

Causal (Reason and Purpose, Cause and Effect)

Subordinating conjunctions

because

as

since

inasmuch as

now that

as long as

such...that

[such a/an + adjective + noun + that]

so...that

[so +adjective or adverb + that]

[so much/many/little/few + noun + that]

expressing purpose

so that

in order that

Prepositions

because of

due to

in order to

Conjunctive adverbs and transitions

therefore

consequently

Conjunctions

so

Adversative (unexpected result, contrast, opposition)

Subordinating conjunctions

even though

although

though

(in spite of the fact that)

while

whereas

where

Prepositions

despite

in spite of

Conjunctive adverbs and transitions

however

nonetheless

nevertheless

on the other hand

in contrast

on the contrary

Conjunctions

but...anyway

but...still

yet...still

but

Condition

Subordinating conjunctions

if

unless

even if

providing (that)

provided (that)

in case

whether or not

only if*

*verb inversion, no comma if only if appears first in the sentence

Prepositions

Conjunctive adverbs and transitions

Otherwise

Conjunctions

or (else)


Reduced Adverb Clauses

Rule: If the subject of the adverb clause and the main clause are the same, the adverb clause may be reduced.

To reduce, drop the subject and the verb be in the adverb clause.

Ex :

· I had an accident while I was driving past the REI climbing rock.

· I had an accident while driving past the REI climbing rock.

· Even though she was hungry, she didn’t eat the pie.

· Even though hungry, she didn’t eat the pie.

If there is not be verb, change the adverb clause verb to the present participle.

Ex :

· Before she owned a pet, she was afraid of dogs.

· Before owning a pet, she was afraid of dogs.

You may omit the subordinating conjunction (while) with simultaneous actions.

Ex :

· While camping at Mt. Rainier, I saw several mountain goats.

· Camping at Mt. Rainier, I saw several mountain goats.

Because is always omitted in reduced clauses.

Ex : · Because she didn’t get accepted to the university, she is going to attend community college.

· Not being accepted to the university, she is going to attend community college.

You may also omit being in the reduced clause.

Ex:

· Being dyslexic, he doesn’t like to read in public.

· Dyslexic, he doesn’t like to read in public.

Remember: Only sentences in which the subjects of both clauses are the same maybe be reduced.

Ex : · While I was eating corn on the cob,my tooth fell out. This adverb clause cannot be reduced because the subject of the adverb clause is not the same as the subject of the main clause.