Formula :
…because + Subject + Verb ….
ex : He was frustrated because the mucked was up windscreen.
…because of + noun (noun phrase) ….
ex: He was frustrated because of the mucked up windscreen (noun phrase).
He was frustrated because the mucked was up windscreen
note :
Because of sering ditukar dengan due to …
Because juga bisa menjadi sebuah awal kalimat …
ex : because of the rain (noun phrase), we have cancelled the party .
· Subordinating conjunctions
Introduce adverb clauses
Either the dependent clause or the independent clause may come first in the sentence, with no change in meaning
ex: Before he came, we didn't have a physical education teacher.
We didn't have a physical education teacher before he came.
· Prepositions
Is followed by a noun or noun phrase
Either clause may appear first
ex: He didn't come to class due to his illness.
· Transitions and Conjunctive adverbs
Joins two sentences separated by a period or two clauses separated by a semi colon.
Only one possible order of the sentences
The transition may appear clause initial, clause final, or between the subject and verb of thesecond sentence.
ex: He was sick. Nevertheless, he came to class.
· Conjunctions
One possible order
A comma is used before the conjunction
In academic writing, do not begin a sentence with a conjunction
ex: He didn't do his homework, so he didn't pass the class.
Sequential (Time)
1. Subordinating conjunctions
until
after
before
when
while
since
once
whenever
as soon as
as long as
by the time.
2. Prepositions
during
after
before
since
until
upon
3. Conjunctive adverbs and transitions
then
next
after that
following that
before that
afterwards
meanwhile
beforehand
4. Conjunctions
and then
Causal (Reason and Purpose, Cause and Effect)
Subordinating conjunctions | because as since inasmuch as now that as long as such...that [such a/an + adjective + noun + that] so...that [so +adjective or adverb + that] [so much/many/little/few + noun + that] expressing purpose so that in order that |
Prepositions | because of due to in order to |
Conjunctive adverbs and transitions | therefore consequently |
Conjunctions | so |
Adversative (unexpected result, contrast, opposition)
Subordinating conjunctions | even though although though (in spite of the fact that) while whereas where |
Prepositions | despite in spite of |
Conjunctive adverbs and transitions | however nonetheless nevertheless on the other hand in contrast on the contrary |
Conjunctions | but...anyway but...still yet...still but |
Condition
Subordinating conjunctions | if unless even if providing (that) provided (that) in case whether or not only if* *verb inversion, no comma if only if appears first in the sentence |
Prepositions | |
Conjunctive adverbs and transitions | Otherwise |
Conjunctions | or (else) |
Reduced Adverb Clauses
Rule: If the subject of the adverb clause and the main clause are the same, the adverb clause may be reduced. | |
To reduce, drop the subject and the verb be in the adverb clause. Ex : · I had an accident while I was driving past the REI climbing rock. · I had an accident while driving past the REI climbing rock. · Even though she was hungry, she didn’t eat the pie. · Even though hungry, she didn’t eat the pie. | |
If there is not be verb, change the adverb clause verb to the present participle. Ex : · Before she owned a pet, she was afraid of dogs. · Before owning a pet, she was afraid of dogs. | |
You may omit the subordinating conjunction (while) with simultaneous actions. Ex : · While camping at Mt. Rainier, I saw several mountain goats. · Camping at Mt. Rainier, I saw several mountain goats. | |
Because is always omitted in reduced clauses. Ex : · Because she didn’t get accepted to the university, she is going to attend community college. · Not being accepted to the university, she is going to attend community college. | |
You may also omit being in the reduced clause. Ex: · Being dyslexic, he doesn’t like to read in public. · Dyslexic, he doesn’t like to read in public. | |
Remember: Only sentences in which the subjects of both clauses are the same maybe be reduced. Ex : · While I was eating corn on the cob,my tooth fell out. This adverb clause cannot be reduced because the subject of the adverb clause is not the same as the subject of the main clause. |
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